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One must know oneself. If this does not serve to discover truth, it at least
serves as a rule of life and there is nothing better.
—Blaise Pascal
On Pascal's Wager
I had been anticipating this knock on my door for weeks.
Howard: |
Ah Monsieur Pascal, uhm, comme c'est gentil à toi de visiter.
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Pascal: |
Pardon?
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Howard: |
Uh, I said, how nice it is to have you come by and see me.
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Pascal: |
Oh.
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Howard: |
Entré, entré.††Come in, come in
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Pascal: |
I believe it would be best if we just took our communication
in English.
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Howard: |
Despite your outrageous French accent? Wink, wink. Oh,
nevermind, you're a continental philosopher. Can I offer
you something to drink, I may have a bottle of bordeaux?
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Pascal: |
No thank you. I've heard about your generosity with Plato,
and I think that it would be best if I kept my faculties for
tonight's dialetical excursions. However, don't let me damper
your nightly slovenliness.
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Howard: |
Well then, allow me to jump right with tonight's discussion. I have a few
questions regarding your wager.
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Pascal: |
Ah, you don't understand the math. Don't worry, I can explain it.
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Howard: |
The math is not where lies my questions, for I do understand
that, but first, let me summarize your idea to make sure we
don't have a problem with definitions.
Your wager can be reduced to a standard quadrant that today's
pseudo-psychologists love to use… like this chess board. On
one side is "God", and on the opposite side is "No God". To
God's right, is a Believer, and to the left is a
Non-Believer. In each corner is a "pain / payoff" value based
on how the two sides meet.
Let's start on the "No-God / Non-Believer" corner. Pain is
low, since the person doesn't need to exert any effort, but
without God, there is no reward in an afterlife, so the
"payoff" is 0.
On the "No-God / Believer" corner, pain is indeed higher as
the person worked to get into a Heaven, however, in this
corner there is no Heaven, so the "payoff" is also 0.
Now let's visit the God side. The "God / Non-Believer" has the
same "low pain" value, but the reward is maybe 0 (or even
negative if God does turn out to be the vengeful, capricious
character from the first part of the Bible instead of the
caring "Father" from the last part).
But the "God / Believer" corner is where your gamble comes in,
for the "pain" value is high, but the "payoff" is infinite. So
high, in fact, that a betting man, would take a risk and bet
on that corner just to get a chance at the reward.
Does that sound about right?
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Pascal: |
Well, it isn't very rigorous, and I'm not fond of your term
"pain", but yes, that is the essence of my idea.
Belief is a wise wager. Granted that faith cannot be proved,
what harm will come to you if you gamble on its truth and it
proves false? If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose
nothing. Wager, then, without hesitation, that He exists.
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Howard: |
Great. So allow me to ask a couple of questions concerning
this. First, which God does your wager apply?
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Pascal: |
Well, the one true God that all cultures have believed and
testified and worshipped.
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Howard: |
Up until a couple thousand years ago, most people believed in
a slew of interesting characters they affixed that label.
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Pascal: |
Fine. Humans have grown in their understanding as they've come
in contact with the Bible. So, the God of the Bible.
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Howard: |
So, is the one from the first part or the second? For God
seems to grow up as the book progresses.
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Pascal: |
Well, I don't think I would use that term, so let's just say
the "people of book" have also grown in their understanding.
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Howard: |
But is this the God of the Jews, the Muslims or the
Christians? For they sure seem to believe different things
about what constitutes this belief, and call each other infidels.
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Pascal: |
Ah, ras le bol-- clearly, the Christian God is the most
benevolent, and he is the one that should be worshipped.
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Howard: |
Fine then, so is this the Catholic God, the Orthodox God or
the Protestant God and if any of those, which of the
variations due to the sects is one expected to believe in?
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Pascal: |
Contradiction is not a sign of falsity, for faith embraces
many truths which seem to contradict each other.
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Howard: |
But if I am to bet on your wager, I want to know exactly what the
stakes are. You say that the payoff is infinite-- beyond my
imagination, which sounds quite exciting for I have quite the
over-active imagination. But I also want a clear understanding
of what is required-- you know, the "pain" of my ratio.
It would be a shame if I believed in the Holy Trinity only to
find out that Islam was correct, and loose it all because of
that. Or believe in Catholicism when God is upset with that
religion and actually thinks the Quakers are right.
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Pascal: |
The details are not important, as long as you believe.
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Howard: |
Ah, so the murderers and war-mongers who believe are due to
this big cash bonus at the end of the year, right?
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Pascal: |
Of course not, men never do evil so completely and cheerfully
as when they do it from religious conviction. However, if you
just believed, you would act according to that belief, and
therefore, would act without fault.
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Howard: |
It is such a shame that we have so few examples of this. But
how can someone truly believe if their motivation for such
belief is nothing more than the reward of Heaven? That is,
nothing more than taking you up on your wager…
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Pascal: |
Well, my wager is just to get the sinner back on the path, and
with time, the belief will become true belief. For men despise
religion. They hate it but are afraid it may be true, so my
wager is an attempt to get them beyond that.
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Howard: |
It still seems strange that with all of this "belief" that is
so important, that all of the people who truly believe in this
only God, would believe and behave the same.
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Pascal: |
Oui, if life were but long enough, we would all come to this
knowledge.
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Howard: |
So is this why the only common thread among all of these
"believers" is a motivation principale that all other people
believe the same as they do?
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Pascal: |
Ah…
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Howard: |
Wouldn't it be better if each person followed the dictates of
their own heart and not attempt to coerce others to think the
same?
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Pascal: |
Sûr…
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Howard: |
And it seems to me that God would reward such a person for not
attempting to coerce others… especially with force, but this
would extend to all other forms of proselytizing, for each
"believer" should be so humble as to realize that he or she
may actually be wrong, and shouldn't risk leading someone else
from the actual path. Besides, wasn't it you who said, "People
are usually more convinced by reasons they discovered
themselves than by those found by others"?
So allow me to rework your wager. Let's suppose that one
actually tried to make the world a better place by loving his
world-wide neighbors and work to improve the condition of
every person. If there is a God, I'm sure he or she would
approve of such behavior, and if there is no afterlife, then
you'll at least be rewarded with a good memory in those of us
who are left behind.
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Pascal: |
The heart has reasons that reason cannot know, but I dare say
this seems a way to meld the two.
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Comment
While your dialog certainly seems to address some concerns with Pascal's wager,
I'm not sure it actually demonstrates the hidden assumption of the argument.
Pascal's 'wager' could also be used to argue for non belief, simply by
leveraging and altering the assumptions. For example, if the assumptions are:
God punishes those who believe in god by damning and torturing them forever.
God rewards those with non-belief with entrance to heaven and euphoria eternal.
Let's look at the pay off matrix now. Suddenly, non-belief is quite a bit
more appealing. Who'd want to have work so hard believing, only to suffer
eternally for it? It's much easier not believing, and now there's even this
nice gamble for a nice reward if you're actually wrong about your belief.
Pascal might argue that God would never do such a thing, but now we're talking
about belief, and a nice circular argument (You have to believe in my god in
order to see the rationality of my argument about how nice it is to believe in
my god.) I guess you sort of pointed that out too, though.
—Trent Tobler
25 February 2007
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